A fat waste of time

Posted by Andrew Wadge on October 21st 2008 in Science, safety and health

The Daily Telegraph asked yesterday 'Should we all be eating more fat?'

The answer is ‘No’.  Look at the evidence on the effects of the Western diet on cardiovascular disease.  As a population we need to reduce intakes of saturated fat, so I really do wonder what the point is of this type of article.

Time to open the debate

Posted by Nic (not verified) on 14/11/2008 - 15:27

Claiming saturated fat to be the villain of ill health whilst pushing people to eat more and more processed foods is like the rat catcher telling the dying rat to blame the bait and not the poison.

There are two things that surprise me about Andrew Wadge's statement in answer to the question 'Should we all be eating more fat?’ Firstly, as the FSA's Chief Scientist he uses a meaningless phrase like "Look at the evidence on the effects of the Western diet on cardiovascular disease" and secondly, that he dismisses the Daily Telegraph article out of hand without even reading the book upon which it was based.

What also surprises me is that Andrew cites three studies in justification of this argument and ignores the thousands of studies that simply do not support it.

The obsession with saturate fat has changed the way we eat (probably forever) and has resulted in a generation that relies increasingly on processed foods, a massive over consumption of omega 6 oils and refined carbohydrates, increased consumption in grains (leading to mono culture in agriculture) and an array of harmful ingredients including hydrogenated vegetable oils and food additives.

What has this achieved? - A disconnection with food, an epidemic of type 2 diabetes, and a media that repeats verbatim the studies presented to them by commercial organisations, with vested interests of course. Added to this, the rich food culture we've enjoyed for thousands of years is being swamped by the generic mass production foods - go anywhere in europe or 'the west' and you will increasingly see the same products on supermarket shelves.

As someone with such a huge sphere of influence, Andrew Wadge should remember his scientific roots and look at all the evidence, not forgetting to question his own beliefs most rigorously of all. It is time for independent debate including those who challenge the received wisdom, without influence from the powerful food processing industy.

To Y. Zabetakis

Posted by RM (not verified) on 11/11/2008 - 14:47

If you google "good calories bad calories Gary Taubes", you will find the book, or you can also follow this link: http://www.amazon.com/Good-Calories-Bad-Gary-Taubes/dp/1400040787

My broader point is that the evidence is largely inconclusive, and you can find facts to support a variety of hypotheses. Yet the FSA is trying to present its advice on diet and nutrition as being the ultimate truth on the matter, which represents in my view a gross oversimplification of the scientific reality.

By the way, how do you account for the French paradox, or the success of carbohydrate-restricted diets (e.g., Atkins), if fat is so bad for us?

Not sure what frying cod has to do with this discussion though...

to R.Martin

Posted by yannis zabetakis (not verified) on 06/11/2008 - 19:33

I am afraid that you are still missing some scientific facts...
the book you r referring to, is it bold science?
anyway, do you know if frying is NOT a bad thing?
have a look...
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/2000/48/i12/abs/jf000701f.html

To Y. Zabetakis

Posted by RM (not verified) on 28/10/2008 - 09:32

What I mean is that the diet-heart hypothesis has never been proven convincingly - on that I very much agree with Naomi's entry above, and her reference to Ancel Key's dodgy science. I also really really urge you to read "good calories, bad calories" to convince you that the "mountain of evidence" supporting the hypothesis is in fact rather flat...

Andrew - thanks very much

Posted by Hugh Hancock (not verified) on 27/10/2008 - 20:30

Andrew - thanks very much for that response. I'm not particularly interested in the age of the science, just whether it's good science. I'll check those references out (and their bibliographies, if I have time).

Respect for food

Posted by Jim (not verified) on 27/10/2008 - 14:35

Anyone who tries to argue that a high fat diet is beneficial is delusional. However I do agree with Naomi that the FSA and the food processing industry are intimate bedfellows. (One only needs to analyse the rise of HACCP to see how connected they are) A high fat diet is not the greatest threat to the health of society, what is more dangerous is the fact that this country is the largest consumer of ready meals in the world. If we tackle societies lack of respect for food then we would undoubtedly reap greater rewards than if we concentrate on arguing about specifics

A good read

Posted by Andrew Wadge on 27/10/2008 - 10:26

Yes, Rob, it's a good read. I'm trying to do my bit for 'good' science. I think the real answer is for lots more scientists to engage and it's good to see organisations such as Sense about Science doing just this.

On my original comments, I was simply being as straightforward, as I try to be in this blog, but I’m interested to read your responses. I suggest you read what I regard as compelling evidence – and then, of course, do come back to me:

Department of Health (1994). Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease. Report of the Cardiovascular Review Group 46. London: TSO.

WHO & FAO (2003) Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. In WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva: WHO.

British Nutrition Foundation (2005). Cardiovascular Disease: diet, nutrition and emerging risk factors. The report of the British Nutrition Task Force.

The recommendation to reduce the amount of saturated fat we eat as a way of reducing the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) is based on a broad range of evidence, primarily from epidemiological studies which suggests that a high intake of saturated fat is associated with increased risk of CHD. In addition, intervention trials have established that a high intake of saturated fat increases LDL cholesterol levels (bad cholesterol), a risk factor for CHD. This recommendation is supported by the conclusions and recommendations of several expert review reports, including those mentioned above.

And, yes, Hugh, I know some people might regard these as ‘old’, but it makes the evidence no less powerful.

The same old story

Posted by Naomi (not verified) on 24/10/2008 - 17:28

The diet-heart hypothesis is so-called because it is still just that; a hypothesis. There is little or no evidence to suggest that eating saturated fat (or cholesterol) increases heart disease or that reducing it increases one's health or life span.

The hypothesis is based on one of the worst examples of science we have ever seen - and represents a clear example of the dangers of consensus in science.

Instead of eating nutrient-dense foods with the minimum of inteference by the food processing industry, saturated fat has become the enemy and our diets are becoming increasingly dominated by oxidised vegetable oils, grains extruded at high temperature, bulking agents, chemicals and synthetic vitamins and minerals.

Saturated fat and cholesterol are essential to the structure of every cell in our bodies and other important roles in our body chemistry, including the production of brain chemicals, hormones, the immune system and the absorption of calcium.

Surely history will judge the legion of 'health experts' and their low-fat advice harshly in future. It is difficult to understand how the theory of one man (Ancel Keys) became doctrine, to be repeated like a mantra by all who follow without ever asking the question: is this true?

One can only conclude that the powerful food-processing industry and FSA are intimate bed fellows and it is unlikely that the facts will ever be laid before us, enabling us to make reasoned decisions. Instead, the horrendous anxiety that has been created around what we eat will continue to grow and our health will continue to be devastated by mis-information and the medicalisation of our food.

r. martin

Posted by yannis zabetakis (not verified) on 23/10/2008 - 21:51

what do you want to say with your comment?

eat fat is bad!
there are mountains of evidence on that!

eating fat in western world is even worse!

by the way, do you know in what fat is fried the fish and chips you had last time?

Refutation, please?

Posted by Hugh Hancock (not verified) on 23/10/2008 - 17:10

I'm glad you're addressing this, and I'd be very interested to hear a refutation from you on the claims made in this article. I don't trust them.

But what you've posted here isn't a refutation, it's argument from authority, and thus not very much use. "Look at the evidence on the effects of the Western diet on cardiovascular disease." Well, that's what this article seems to be doing, and it seems to be saying that the evidence is very thin.

How do you respond to the article's claims that "“The whole premise that eating saturated fat would lead to heart disease is based on two old reports", for example? What other reports show conclusively that the relationship is causative, not merely correlated? Feel free to quote papers and references - I think that your audience here can cope with that.

I'd really love to hear a respected food scientist defending the conventional position, but in order for that to be of value, you do need to defend it, not just dismiss it offhand.

Really hoping you choose to do that!

(For anyone who's interested in the meantime, Wikipedia offers a brief overview of the pro and con research - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat )

Bad Science

Posted by Rob A (not verified) on 22/10/2008 - 13:06

Andrew, two questions:
Have you read Ben Goldacre's book, Bad Science?, and,
Is there anything you, as FSA Chief Scientist, can do about the bad science in the media?

Oversimplification

Posted by Remy Martin (not verified) on 22/10/2008 - 07:59

What an oversimplification of the issue, which is shocking from a so-called "Chief Scientist"!

You give the impression that the scientific evidence is conclusive, which it is not, as explained beautifully in Gary Taubes' book "Good calories, bad calories".

You will probably dismiss the book as non-scientific, but top academic journals are full of articles that make clear that the evidence is, at a minimum, extremely ambiguous. See for instance Sylvan Lee Weinberg's review of this literature (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2004, 43: 731-733), which starts with the observation that "The low-fat "diet–heart hypothesis" has been controversial for nearly 100 years." and goes on to state that "The low-fat–high-carbohydrate diet [...] may well have played an unintended role in the current epidemics of obesity, lipid abnormalities, type II diabetes, and metabolic syndromes. This diet can no longer be defended by appeal to the authority of prestigious medical organizations or by rejecting clinical experience and a growing medical literature suggesting that the much-maligned low-carbohydrate–high-protein diet may have a salutary effect on the epidemics in question."

I believe that your entry in this blog confirms Taubes' theory that organisations like the FSA are "an enormous enterprise dedicated in theory to determining the relationship between diet, obesity, and disease, while dedicated in practice to convincing everyone involved, and the lay public, most of all, that the answers are already known and always have been - an enterprise, in other words, that purports to be a science and yet functions like a religion" (Good calories, bad calories, p. 451-2).

You should know that the answer to the question raised by the DT article is not known. Instead of treating consumers like kids, you should be honest about the limits of our knowledge, and the complexity of the underlying science. As Einstein allegedly said or wrote, "I agree to simplify as much as possible, but no further".